Rabu, 29 Januari 2014

NAMA - NAMA PENEMU DUNIA

  1. Albert Einstein /Jerman Teori Relativitas 
  2. Penemu Mesin uap Adalah James Watt Berasal dari Negara Inggris 
  3. Penemu Mesin 4 tak Adalah Nicolaus Otto Berasal dari Negara Jerman 
  4. Penemu Mesin diesel Adalah Rudolf Diesel Berasal dari Negara Jerman 
  5. Penemu Mesin cetak Adalah Johannes Guttenberg Berasal dari Negara Jerman 
  6. Penemu Mesin ketik Adalah Christopher Sholes Berasal dari Negara Amerika 
  7. Penemu Radio Adalah C. Marconi Berasal dari Negara Italia 
  8. Penemu Televisi Adalah J.L. Baird & C.F. Jenkins Berasal dari Negara Amerika 
  9. Penemu Telegrap Adalah Samuel F.B. Morse Berasal dari Negara Amerika Serikat 
  10. Penemu Telepon Adalah Alexander Graham Bell Berasal dari Negara Amerika Serikat 
  11. Penemu Dinamo Adalah Michael Faraday Berasal dari Negara Inggris 
  12. Penemu Elektromagnet Adalah Williarn Sturgeon Berasal dari Negara Inggris 
  13. Penemu Bola lampu Adalah Thomas Alva Edison Berasal dari Negara Amerika Serikat 
  14. Penemu Proyektor film Adalah Thomas Alva Edison Berasal dari Negara Amerika Serikat 
  15. Penemu Piringan hitam Adalah Alexander Graham Bell Berasal dari Negara Amerika Serikat 
  16. Penemu Batu baterai Adalah Volta Berasal dari Negara Italia 
  17. Penemu Termometer Adalah Galileo Galilei Berasal dari Negara Italia 
  18. Penemu Korek api Adalah Robert Boyle, John Walker Berasal dari Negara 
  19. Penemu Kapal api Adalah Robert Fulton Berasal dari Negara Amerika Serikat 
  20. Penemu Kapal selam Adalah Cornelius van Drebbel Berasal dari Negara Belanda 
  21. Penemu Sinar Rontgen Adalah Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen Berasal dari Negara Jerman 
  22. Penemu Stetoskop Adalah Rene Laennec Berasal dari Negara Perancis 
  23. Penemu Lensa Adalah Anthony Van Leuwenhook Berasal dari Negara Belanda 
  24. Penemu Mikroskop Adalah Zacharias Janssen Berasal dari Negara Belanda 
  25. Penemu Teleskop Adalah H. Lippershey Berasal dari Negara Belanda 
  26. Penemu Kamera Adalah Louis Jacques Monde da Guerre & Edwin Land Berasal dari Negara Amerika 
  27. Penemu Pesawat terbang Adalah Wilbur dan 0. Wright Berasal dari Negara Amerika 
  28. Penemu Kereta api Adalah Murdocks Berasal dari Negara Inggris 
  29. Penemu Sepeda Adalah Civrac Berasal dari Negara Prancis 
  30. Penemu Balon terbang Adalah Sir F. Whittle 
  31. Penemu Balon karet Adalah Josep dan J. Montgolfier 
  32. Penemu Ban karet Adalah Charles Goodyear Berasal dari Negara Amerika 
  33. Penemu Barometer Adalah Evangelista, Torricelli Berasal dari Negara Italia 
  34. Penemu Dinamit Adalah Alfred Nobel Berasal dari Negara Swedia 
  35. Penemu Lensa kaca mata Adalah Benyamin Franklin Berasal dari Negara 
  36. Penemu Mesin hitung Adalah Blaise Pascal Berasal dari Negara Prancis 
  37. Penemu Mobil Adalah Gottlich Daimler 
  38. Penemu Motor Adalah Nikola Tesla 
  39. Penemu Tank Adalah Sir Ernest Swinton Berasal dari Negara Inggris 
  40. Penemu Traktor Adalah Benyamin Holt 
  41. Penemu Tangga jalan Adalah Elis G. Otis Berasal dari Negara Amerika 
  42. Penemu Kawat pijar Adalah Irving Langmuir 
  43. Baldwin Wood, (1879-1956), USA — high volume pump 
  44. Adolphe Sax, (1814-1894), Belgium — saxophone 
  45. Alan Turing, (1912-1954), England — the Turing machine 
  46. Alberto Santos-Dumont, (1873-1932), Brazil — non-rigid airship and airplane 
  47. Alessandro Volta, (1745-1827), Italy — battery 
  48. Alexander Parkes, (1831-1890), England — celluloid 
  49. Alfred Nobel, (1833-1896), Sweden — dynamite 
  50. Alfred Traeger, (1895-1980), Australia — the pedal radio 
  51. Almon Strowger, (1839-1902), USA — automatic telephone exchange 
  52. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, (1632-1723), Netherlands — development of the microscope, discovery of bacteria, spermatozoa and celled organisms 
  53. Antonio Meucci, (1808-1889), Italy — telephone (prototype) 
  54. Archibald Low, (1882-1956), Britain — Pioneer of radio guidance systems 
  55. Arthur M. Young, (1905-1995), USA — the Bell Helicopter 
  56. Arthur Paul Pedrick, England — chromatically selective cat flap and others 
  57. Arthur Wynne, (1862-1945), England — creator of crossword puzzle 
  58. August Schrader, USA — Schrader valve for Pneumatic tire 
  59. Auguste and Louis Lumière, France — Cinématographe 
  60. Augustus Siebe, (1788-1872), Germany — standard diving dress 
  61. Augustus Siebe, (1788-1872), Saxony&England Inventor of the standard diving dress 
  62. Aurel Stodola, (1859-1942), Slovakia - gas turbines 
  63. Avram Hershko, (1937-), Hungary — Ubiquitin 
  64. Baltzar von Platen, (1898-1984), Sweden — refrigerator 
  65. Barnes Wallis, (1887-1979), England — bouncing bomb 
  66. Bela Schick, (1877-1967), Hungary — diphtheria test 
  67. Benjamin Chew Tilghman, (1821-1897), USA — sandblasting 
  68. Bernhard Tellegen, (1900-1990), Netherlands pentode 
  69. Bette Nesmith Graham, (1924-1980), USA — Liquid Paper 
  70. Blaise Pascal, (1623-1662), France — barometer 
  71. Bruce Wydner, (1935-), USA — inventor of Cost-Effective Machine Translation 
  72. Carl Benz bersama Gottlieb Daimler / dua2nya Jerman penemu Autocar 
  73. Carl Edvard Johansson, (1864-1943), Sweden — Gauge blocks 
  74. Carl Friedrich Gauss 1777-1855/Jerman terlalu banyak utk disebutkan, paling banyak kontribusinya di teori2 matematika 
  75. Carl Rickard Nyberg, (1858-1939), Sweden — the blowtorch 
  76. Charles Algernon Parsons, (1854-1931), British — steam turbine 
  77. Charles F. Kettering, (1876-1958), USA — invented automobile self-starter ignition, Freon ethyl gasoline and more 
  78. Charles Francis Richter, (1900-1985), USA — Richter magnitude scale 
  79. Charles Goodyear, (1800-1860), USA — vulcanization of rubber 
  80. Charles Macintosh, (1766-1843), Scotland — waterproof raincoat, life vest 
  81. Charles Simonyi, (1948-), Hungary — Hungarian notation 
  82. Charles Wheatstone, (1802-1875), England — concertina, stereoscope, microphone, Playfair cipher 
  83. Chester Greenwood, (1858-1937), USA — thermal earmuffs 
  84. Christiaan Huygens, (1629-1695), Netherlands — pendulum clock 
  85. Christian Schnabel (1878-1936), German, designed simplistic food cutleries 
  86. Christopher Hansteen, (1783-1873), Norway — discovery of terrestrial magnetism 
  87. Christopher Polhem, (1661-1751), Sweden — the modern padlock 
  88. Coenraad Johannes van Houten, (1801-1887), Netherlands — cocoa powder, cacao butter, chocolate milk 
  89. Daniel David Palmer, (1845-1913), Canada — Chiropractic 
  90. David Schwarz, (1852-1897), Croatia, — rigid ship, later called Zeppelin 
  91. Dean Kamen, (1951-), USA — Invented the Segway HT scooter and the IBOT Mobility Device 
  92. Dennis Gabor, (1900-1979), Hungary — holography 
  93. Edmund Wingate, (c.1593-1656), England — straight slide rule 
  94. Edouard Michelin, (1859-1940), France — pneumatic tyre 
  95. Edward Teller (Ede Teller), (1908-2003), Hungary — hydrogen bomb 
  96. Edwin H. Land, (1909-1991), USA — Polaroid polarizing filters and the Land Camera 
  97. Eli Whitney, (1765-1825), USA — the cotton gin 
  98. Elias Howe, (1819-1867), USA — sewing machine 
  99. Elijah McCoy, (1843-1929), Canada — Displacement lubricator 
  100. Elisha Otis, (1811-1861), USA — passenger elevator with safety device 
  101. Elmer Ambrose Sperry, (1860-1930), USA — gyroscope-guided automatic pilot 
  102. Elmer R. Gates, (1859-1923), foam fire extinguisher, electric loom mechanisms, magnetic & diamagnetic separators, educational toy ("box & blocks") 
  103. Erna Schneider Hoover, (1926-), USA — computerized telephone switching system 
  104. Erno Rubik, (1944-), Hungary — Rubik's cube, Rubik's Magic and Rubik's Clock 
  105. Ernst Ruska, (1906-1988), Germany — electron microscope 
  106. Faust Vrancic, (1551-1617), Croatia — parachute 
  107. Felix Hoffmann (Bayer), (1868-1949), Germany — Aspirin 
  108. Franc Trkman, (1903-1978), Slovenia — electrical switches, accessories for opening windows 
  109. Frank Hornby, (1863-1936), England — invented Meccano 
  110. Frank Whittle, (1907-1996), England — co-inventor of the jet engine 
  111. Frans Wilhelm Lindqvist, (1862-1931), Sweden — Kerosene stove operated by compressed air 
  112. Fritz Klatte, (1880-1934), Germany — vinyl chloride, forerunner to polyvinyl chloride 
  113. Garrett A. Morgan, (1877-1963), USA — inventor of the gas mask, and traffic signal. 
  114. George de Hevesy, (1885-1966), Hungary — radioactive tracer 
  115. George Pullman, (1831-1897), USA — Pullman sleep wagon 
  116. George Stephenson, (1781-1848), England — steam locomotive 
  117. George Westinghouse, (1846-1914), USA — Air brake 
  118. George William Manby, (1765-1854), England — Fire extinguisher 
  119. Giovanni Luppis, (1813-1875), Austrian Empire (ethnical Italian) — self-propelled torpedo 
  120. Gleb Kotelnikov, (1872-1944), Russia — knapsack parachute 
  121. Gordon Gould, (1920-2005), USA — co-inventor of laser 
  122. Granville Woods, (1856-1910), USA — the Synchronous Multiplex Railway Telegraph 
  123. Guglielmo Marconi, (1874-1937), Italy — radio, transatlantic radiosignals 
  124. Gustaf Erik Pasch, (1788-1862), Sweden — the safety match 
  125. Gustav de Laval, (1845-1913), Sweden — invented the milk separator and the milking machine 
  126. György Jendrassik, (1898-1954), Hungary — turboprop 
  127. Hans Christian Ørsted, (1777-1851), Denmark — electromagnetism, aluminium 
  128. Hans Lippershey, (1570-1619), Netherlands — telescope 
  129. Hans Wilhelm Geiger, (1882-1945), Germany — Geiger counter 
  130. Hassan Kamel Al-Sabbah, (1895-1935), Lebanon — solar power, cathode ray tube 
  131. Hedy Lamarr, (1913-2000), Austria and USA — Spread spectrum radio 
  132. Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, (1853-1926), Netherlands — liquify helium 
  133. Heinrich Göbel, (1818-1893), Germany — first functional incandescent lamp 
  134. Heinrich Hertz, (1857-1894), Germany — radio telegraphy, electromagnetic radiation 
  135. Heinrich Hertz/ Jerman penemu Gelombang Mhz, Khz... 
  136. Helge Palmcrantz, (1842-1880), Sweden — the multi-barrel, lever-actuated, machine gun 
  137. Henri Giffard, (1825-1882), France — powered airship, injector 
  138. Henry J. Heinz, USA — tomato ketchup 
  139. Henry Maudslay, (1771-1831), England — screw-cutting lathe, bench micrometer 
  140. Henry Perky, (1843-1906), USA — Shredded wheat 
  141. Henry Shrapnel, (1761-1842), England — Shrapnel shell ammunition 
  142. Herman Hollerith, (1860-1929), USA — mechanical tabulator based on punched cards 
  143. Heron, Greece — invented Aeolipile 
  144. Hidetsugu Yagi, (1886-1976), Japan — Yagi antenna 
  145. Hippolyte Mège-Mouriés, (1817-1880), France — margarine 
  146. Hub van Doorne, (1900-1979), Netherlands, continuously variable transmission 
  147. Igor Sikorsky, (1889-1972), Ukraine — helicopter 
  148. Ira Remsen, (1646-1927), USA — saccharin 
  149. Irving Langmuir, (1851-1957), USA — gas filled incandescent light bulb, hydrogen welding 
  150. Isaac Newton,(1642-1727), England — reflecting telescope (which reduces chromatic aberration) 
  151. Isaac Singer, (1811-1875), USA — sewing machine 
  152. Isidor Sauers, (1948- ), inventor of a process for measuring the degradation of SF6 in high-voltage systems 
  153. Ivan Knunyants, (1906-1990), Ukraine — invented Nylon-6 
  154. Iwan Serrurier, (active 1920s), Netherlands/USA — inventor of the Moviola for film editing. 
  155. J. Robert Oppenheimer , (1904-1967), USA — the father of the atomic Dome 
  156. Jack Kilby, (1923-2005), USA — patented the first integrated circuit 
  157. James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) and Thomas Sutton Scotland — colour photography 
  158. James Gregory, (1638-1675), Scotland — reflecting telescope 
  159. James Hargreaves, (1720-1778), England — invented the spinning jenny 
  160. James Henry Greathead, (1844-1896), South Africa — tunnel boring machine, tunnelling shield technique 
  161. James Leonard Plimpton, USA — roller skates 
  162. James Nasmyth, (1808-1890), Scotland — steam hammer 
  163. James Watt, (1736-1819), Scotland — improved Steam engine 
  164. János Irinyi, (1817-1895), Hungary — noiseless match 
  165. Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir, (1822-1900), Belgium — internal combustion engine, motorboat 
  166. Johan Petter Johansson, (1853-1943), Sweden — the pipe wrench and the modern adjustable spanner 
  167. Johann Gutenberg, (c 1390s-1468), Germany — modern movable type printing press 
  168. John Bennet Lawes, (1814-1900), England — superphosphate or chemical fertilizer 
  169. John George Kemeny, (1926-1992), Hungary — co-inventor of BASIC 
  170. John Hadley, (1682-1744), England — the sextant 
  171. John Harrison, (1693-1776), England — marine chronometer 
  172. John Harvey Kellogg, (1852-1943), cornflake breakfasts 
  173. John Howard Kyan (1774-1850), Ireland — The process of Kyanization used for wood preservation 
  174. John J. Montgomery, (1858-1911), USA — heavier-than-air gliders 
  175. John Landis Mason, (1826-1902), USA — Mason jars 
  176. John McAdam, (1756-1836), Scotland — improved "macadam" road surface 
  177. John Napier, (1550-1617), Scotland — logarithms 
  178. John Pemberton, (1831-1888), USA — Coca-Cola 
  179. John Roebuck, (1718-1794) England — lead chamber process for sulfuric acid synthesis 
  180. John Stringfellow, (1799-1883), England — airplane 
  181. John von Neumann, (1903-1957), Hungary — Von Neumann computer architecture 
  182. Jonas Wenström, (1855-1893), Sweden — three-phase electrical system 
  183. Josef Ressel, (1793-1857), Czechoslovakia — ship propeller 
  184. Joseph Henry, (1797-1878), Scotland — electromagnetic relay 
  185. Joseph Henry, (1797-1898), USA — electromagnetic relay 
  186. Joseph Hon – book index thumb notch system for dictionaries Patent #561888 
  187. Joseph Nicephore Niépce, (1765-1833), France — photography 
  188. Joseph Plateau, (1801-1883), Belgium — phenakistiscope (stroboscope) 
  189. Joseph Swan, (1828-1914), England — Incandescent light bulb 
  190. Jozef Karol Hell, (1713-1789), Slovakia — the water pillar 
  191. Jozef Murgas, (1864-1929), Slovakia — inventor of the wireless telegraph (forerunner of the radio) 
  192. Jun-Ichi Nishizawa, (1926-), Japan — Optical communication system, SIT/SITh (Static Induction Transistor/Thyristor), Laser diode, PIN diode 
  193. Justus von Liebig, (1803-1873), Germany — nitrogen-based fertilizer 
  194. Kalman Tihanyi, (1897-1947), Hungary — co-inventor of cathode ray tube and iconoscope 
  195. Karl Jatho, (1873-1933), Germany — aeroplane 
  196. Karl Landsteiner, (1868-1943), Austria — classification of blood groups 
  197. Karl von Reichenbach, (1788-1869), paraffin, creosote oil, phenol 
  198. Karlheinz Brandenburg 1954 /Jerman penemu MP3 format yg di pake sekarang di MP3 Player 
  199. Kees A. Schouhamer Immink (1946- ), Netherlands Major contributor to development of Compact Disc 
  200. Leonhard Euler 1707-1783/JermanSwiss sama kayak gauss, terlalu banyak kontribusinya dibidang ilmu pengetahuan alam dan matematik untuk disebutkan. yang paling kesohor, bilangan euler "e=2,71828..." 
  201. Les Paul, (1915-), USA — Multitrack recording 
  202. Levi Strauss, (1829-1902), USA — blue jeans 
  203. Lewis Latimer, (1848-1928), — worked with Thomas Edison and patented an improved lightbulb manufacturing process 
  204. Lewis Urry, (1927-2004), Canada — long-lasting alkaline battery 
  205. Louis R. Vitullo, (1924?-2006), United States — developed the first sexual assault evidence kit 
  206. Luigi Palmieri, (1807-1896), Italy — seismometer 
  207. Ma Jun, (c. 200-265 AD), China, South Pointing Chariot (for navigation, see differential gear), mechanical puppet theater, chain pumps, improved silk looms 
  208. Manfred von Ardenne /Jerman penemu Televisi
  209. Marc Seguin, (1786-1875), France — wire-cable suspension bridge 
  210. Margaret Knight, (1838-1914), USA — machine that completely constructs box-bottom brown paper bags 
  211. Mark Serrurier, (190?-1988), USA — Serrurier truss for Optical telescopes 
  212. Max Planck 1858-1947/Jerman Quantum Theori. 
  213. Mihajlo Pupin, (1858-1935), Serbia — pupinization (loading coils), tunable oscillator 
  214. Montgolfier brothers, (1740-1810) and (1745-1799), France — hot-air balloon 
  215. Nancy Johnson, USA — American version of the hand cranked ice cream machine in (1843) 
  216. Narcis Monturiol i Estarriol, (1819-1885), Spain — steam powered submarine 
  217. Nick Holonyak, (1928- ), USA — LED (Light Emitting Diode) 
  218. Nikola Tesla, (1856-1943), Serbian-Croatian-American — developer of the Tesla Coil and inventor of the induction motor, alternating current polyphase power distribution system, wireless communication, robotics, logic gates, the bladeless turbine, radio, VTOL aircraft, etc. 
  219. Olivia Poole, (1889-1975), USA, — the Jolly Jumper baby harness 
  220. Otto Lilienthal, (1848-1896), Germany — air glider 
  221. Otto von Guericke, (1602-1686), Germany — vacuum pump, manometer, dasymeter, 
  222. Otto Wichterle, (1913-1989), Czechoslovakia — invented modern contact lenses 
  223. Paul Winchell, (1922-2005), USA — the artificial heart 
  224. Percy Spencer, (1894-1970), USA — microwave oven 
  225. Peter Carl Goldmark, (1906-1977), Hungary — vinyl record (LP) 
  226. Peter Petroff, (1919-2004), Bulgaria — digital wrist watch, heart monitor, weather instruments 
  227. Pieter van Musschenbroek, (1692-1761), Netherlands — Leyden jar, pyrometer 
  228. René Laënnec, (1781-1826), France — stethoscope 
  229. Reverend Dr Robert Stirling (1790-1878), Scotland — Stirling engine 
  230. Richard Hall Gower, (1768-1833), England — ship's hull and rigging 
  231. Robert A. Heinlein, (1907-1988), USA — waterbed 
  232. Robert Goddard, (1882-1945), USA — liquid fuel rocket 
  233. Robert Hooke, (1635-1703), England — balance wheel, iris diaphragm 
  234. Robert Koch, (1843-1910), method for culturing bacteria on solid media 
  235. Robert Moog, (1934-2005), USA — the Moog synthesizer 
  236. Robert Watson-Watt, (1892-1973), Scotland — microwave radar 
  237. Rowland Hill, (1795-1879), UK — postage stamp 
  238. Rudolf Hell, (1901-2002), Germany — the Hellschreiber 
  239. Sadi Carnot 1796-1832/Prancis penemu Carnot cycle dan Hukum Thermodynamik II 
  240. Samuel Guthrie, (1782 - 1848), USA — discovered chloroform 
  241. Samuel Morey, (1762-1843), USA — internal combustion engine 
  242. Samuel Morse, (1791-1872), USA — telegraph 
  243. Samuel P. Langley, (1834-1906), USA — bolometer 
  244. Scott A. Jones, (1960-), USA — created one of the most successful versions of voicemail as well as ChaCha Search, a human-assisted internet search engine. 
  245. Sergei Vasiljevich Lebedev, (1874-1934), Russia — synthetic rubber 
  246. Simon Stevin, (1548-1620), Netherlands — land yacht 
  247. Simon Sunatori, (1959-), Canada — inventor of Sunatori Pen 
  248. Sir William Siemens, (1823-1883), Germany — regenerative furnace 
  249. Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, (1871-1922), Croatia — mechanical pencil 
  250. Spede Pasanen, (1930-2001), Finland — The ski jumping sling 
  251. Stephanie Kwolek, (1923-), USA — Kevlar 
  252. Steve Jobs, (1955-), Macintosh operating system 
  253. Su Song, (1020-1101), China, invented the first hydraulic-powered astronomical clock tower that operated an armillary sphere with the escapement mechanism and chain drive 
  254. Sumio Iijima, (1939- ), Japan — nanotubes 
  255. The Wright brothers, Orville Wright, (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright, (1867-1912), USA — powered airplane 
  256. Theophil Wilgodt Odhner, (1845-1903), Sweden — the Odhner Arithmometer, a mechanical calculator 
  257. Theophilus Van Kannel, revolving door (1888) 
  258. Thomas Jefferson, (1743-1826), USA — swivel chair 
  259. Thomas Savery, (1650-1715), England — steam engine 
  260. Thomas Wedgwood, (1771-1805), England — first (not permanent) photograph 
  261. Tim Berners-Lee, (1955- ) England — World Wide Web 
  262. Tivadar Puskas, (1844-1893), Hungary — telephone exchange 
  263. Victor Hasselblad, (1906-1978), Sweden — invented the 6 x 6 cm single-lens reflex camera 
  264. Werner von Siemens, (1816-1892), Germany — an electromechanical "dynamic" 
  265. Whitcomb Judson, (1836-1909), USA — zipper 
  266. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, (1845-1923), Germany — the X-ray machine 
  267. Willard Frank Libby, (1908-1980), USA — Radiocarbon dating 
  268. Willem Johan Kolff, (1911-), Netherlands — artificial kidney hemodialysis machine 
  269. Willem Johan Kolff, Netherlands/USA, (1911- ) — hemodialysis, pioneer in the field of other artificial organs 
  270. William Bradford Shockley, (1910-1989), USA — co-inventor of transistor 
  271. William Harvey, (1578-1657), England — blood circulation in the human body 
  272. William Henry Gates III, (1955-), Windows operating system, chief architect of Visual Basic 
  273. William Murdoch, (1754-1839), Scotland — Gas lighting 
  274. William Robert Grove, (1811-1896), Wales — fuel cell 
  275. Yi Xing, (683-727), China, invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere that used the escapement mechanism 
  276. Yoshiro Nakamatsu, (1928-), Japan — Floppy disk (world record holder for over 3,000 patented inventions) 
  277. Zhang Heng, (78-139), China, invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere 
Sumber : Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas


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